60 research outputs found

    ModÚles d'abstraction pour la résolution de problÚmes combinatoires

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    Conceptualiser des modĂšles d’abstraction de haut niveau pour la rĂ©solution de problĂšmes combinatoires peut mener Ă  la dĂ©finition de stratĂ©gies alternatives simples, efficaces et gĂ©nĂ©riques, concernant les politiques de mouvement et de choix d\u27opĂ©rateur au sein d’algorithmes de recherche locale et Ă©volutionnaires. Dans le paradigme des algorithmes Ă©volutionnaires, une population d\u27individus Ă©volue au moyen de transformations locales, et Ă©ventuellement de croisements. Cette mĂ©taphore peut ĂȘtre Ă©tendue par les modĂšles en iles, oĂč les individus sont partitionnĂ©s en sous-populations, qui Ă©voluent par le jeu des politiques migratoires. Dans ces travaux, nous proposons un modĂšle en iles dynamique permettant de rĂ©guler les migrations des individus d’ile en ile en fonction de l’effet des prĂ©cĂ©dentes migrations. En outre, associer des opĂ©rateurs diffĂ©rents Ă  chaque ile permet au modĂšle d’affecter aux individus, de maniĂšre adaptative, les opĂ©rateurs les plus pertinents tout au long de la recherche. Nous nous arrĂȘtons alors plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement sur cette problĂ©matique de la sĂ©lection adaptative d’opĂ©rateurs, et y discutons d’analogies avec la thĂ©orie des bandits manchots. Cela nous permet de dĂ©finir des modĂšles alternatifs simples comme les bandits Ă  bras interconnectĂ©s, qui pourraient aider Ă  la conception et l’évaluation de stratĂ©gies de sĂ©lection d’opĂ©rateurs. Une partie essentielle des travaux que nous prĂ©sentons s’attache aux paysages de fitness ; ceux-ci constituent une abstraction naturelle des instances de problĂšmes combinatoires abordĂ©es par une approche Ă©volutionnaire. Ils offrent notamment une reprĂ©sentation schĂ©matique des trajectoires pouvant ĂȘtre empruntĂ©es par des algorithmes de recherche locale. En appuyant notre propos de larges validations expĂ©rimentales, nous utilisons ici cette reprĂ©sentation abstraite pour infirmer certains prĂ©jugĂ©s quant au potentiel d’efficacitĂ© de certaines stratĂ©gies de recherche locale. Nous nous focalisons en particulier sur les techniques d’intensification, afin d’identifier les principaux facteurs d’efficacitĂ© des algorithmes de recherche locale. Les rĂ©sultats de ces Ă©tudes, particuliĂšrement riches d’enseignements, nous ont conduit Ă  la conception de stratĂ©gies de recherche originales et performantes pour la rĂ©solution approchĂ©e de problĂšmes d’optimisation combinatoire

    Recherche locale : stratégie du moins bon améliorant

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    Toward an Efficient Exploration of Fitness Landscapes

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    Within local search algorithms, descent methods are rarely studied experimentally. However, these search techniques are the basis of many modern metaheuristics and have an inïŹ‚uence on the ability of an algorithm to achieve good solutions of a ïŹtness landscape. Through a large empirical study of classic runs, we show that certain ideas about descents methods are false. These results indicate that it is possible to make a descent ’intelligent’ and lead to better solutions, regardless of the problem addressed

    Nouvelles heuristiques de voisinage et mémétiques pour le problÚme Maximum de Parcimonie

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    Phylogenetic reconstruction aims at reconstructing the evolutionary history of a set of species, represented by a tree. Among the reconstruction methods, the Maximum Parsimony (MP) problem consists, given a set of aligned sequences to find a binary tree, whose leaves are associated to the sequences and which minimizes the parsimony score. Traditionally, existing resolution approaches of this NP-complete problem apply basic heuristic methods, like greedy algorithms and local search. One of the difficulties concerns the handling of binary trees and the definition of tree neighborhoods. In this thesis, we first focus on an improvement of descent algorithms. We empirically show the limits of the existing tree neighborhoods, and introduce a progressive neighborhood which evolves during the search to limit the evaluation of inappropriate neighbors. This algorithm is combined with a genetic algorithm which uses a specific tree crossover based on topological distances between each pair of leaves. This memetic algorithm shows very competitive results, both on real benchmarks taken from the literature as well as with randomly generated instances

    Unconventional Pivoting Rules for Local Search

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    Autonomous Local Search Algorithms with Island Representation

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    The aim of this work is to use this dynamic island model to autonomously select local search operators within a classical evolutionary algorithm. In order to assess the relevance of this approach, we will use the model considering a population-based local search algorithm, with no crossover and where each island is associated to a particular local search operator. Here, contrary to recent works [6], the goal is not to forecast the most promising crossovers between individuals like in classical island models, but to detect at each time of the search the most relevant LS operators. This application constitutes an original approach in defining autonomous algorithms

    Climbing Combinatorial Fitness Landscapes

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    Hill-climbing constitutes one of the simplest way to produce approximate solutions of a combinatorial optimization problem, and is a central component of most advanced metaheuristics. This paper focuses on evaluating climbing techniques in a context where deteriorating moves are not allowed, in order to isolate the intensification aspect of metaheuristics. We aim at providing guidelines to choose the most adequate method for climbing efficiently fitness landscapes with respect to their size and some ruggedness and neutrality measures. To achieve this, we compare best and first improvement strategies, as well as different neutral move policies, on a large set of combinatorial fitness landscapes derived from academic optimization problems, including NK landscapes. The conclusions highlight that first-improvement is globally more efficient to explore most landscapes, while best-improvement superiority is observed only on smooth landscapes and on some particular structured landscapes. The empirical analysis realized on neutral move policies shows that a stochastic hill-climbing reaches in average better configurations and requires fewer evaluations than other climbing techniques. Results indicate that accepting neutral moves at each step of the search should be useful on all landscapes, especially those having a significant rate of neutrality. Last, we point out that reducing adequately the precision of a fitness function makes the climbing more efficient and helps to solve combinatorial optimization problems
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